Hakiranje krize demokracije Može li nas medijska pismenost spasiti od algoritamskog oblikovanja političke percepcije, volje i mišljenja?
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Sažetak
Cilj. Cilj je rada razmotriti moguće uzroke krize demokracije koja zahvaća šire de- mokratske odnose i procese u sferama društvenosti, kulture, ekonomije i politike. Kriza demokracije posebno se razmatra u kontekstu tehnosfere koja počiva na moći umjetne inteligencije i umjetnog života. Rad otvara pitanje važnosti i uloge medijske pismenosti kao jednog od ključnih rješenja za krizu demokracije i eskalaciju dezinformacija u javnom diskursu.
Pristup/metodologija. Rad se temelji na sustavnom pregledu i analizi literature i dostupnih istraživanja koji kreiraju teorijski okvir za definiranje i razumijevanje pitanja krize demokracije i njezine povezanosti s problematikom tehnicizacije (datafikacije i algoritmizacije) društva i društvenih procesa, odnosno s izazovima dezinfodemije koja kroz marginalizaciju istine i nekritičko sagledavanje informacija otvara prostor za dolazak post-istine.
Rezultati. Ovim se radom želi potaknuti promišljanje struke, donositelja odluka, ali i šire javnosti o uravnoteživanju osjećaja (individualne i kolektivne) odgovornosti i mogućnosti stvarne kontrole, odnosno odgovornosti i djelovanja pojedinca i odgovornosti i djelovanja javnog i privatnog sektora. Također želi se potaknuti dijalog o nužnosti kreiranja strategije i programa za promicanje i razvoj medijske pismenosti i kritičkog mišljenja u svrhu ne samo suprotstavljanja dezinformacijama već i kritičkog razumije- vanja društvenih odnosa i distribucije društvene i političke moći.
Originalnost/vrijednost. Rad povezuje pitanja algoritmizacije, krize demokracije i medijske pismenosti. Medijska je pismenost temelj informiranog građanstva, pa tako i temelj demokratskog društva. Znanja, vještine i kompetencije medijske pismenosti u informacijskom društvu ne mogu se odnositi više samo na mogućnost pojedinca da se uspješno kreće „tradicionalnim“ informacijskim i medijskim prostorom, već se moraju referirati i na problematiku kretanja komputacijskim prostorom informacija za čiju su složenu, dinamičnu i disonantnu strukturu sve više odgovorni korporativni algoritmi ili algoritmi tzv. treće strane. Povezivanje triju pitanja možda nikada nije bilo nužnije nego u dobu obilježenom općom društveno-političkom sumnjom i apatijom i rastućom diskrepancijom između sve složenijih i sofisticiranijih tehnika (dez)informiranja i medijske (ne)pismenosti građana.
Article Details
Kako citirati
Feldvari, K., Mićunović, M., & Badurina, B. (2022). Hakiranje krize demokracije: Može li nas medijska pismenost spasiti od algoritamskog oblikovanja političke percepcije, volje i mišljenja?. Vjesnik Bibliotekara Hrvatske, 65(2), 23–48. https://doi.org/10.30754/vbh.65.2.971
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Finn, E. (2017). What algorithms want: imagination in the age of computing. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Groeben, N. (2002). Dimensionen der Medienkompetenz: Deskriptive und normative Aspekte. U N. Groeben i B. Hurrelmann (ur.). Medienkompetenz. Voraussetzungen, Dimensionen, Funktionen. (str. 160-197). Weinheim, München: Juventa. Citirano prema: Pfaff-Rüdiger, S.; Riesmeyer, C.; Kümpel, A. (2012). Media Literacy and Developmental Tasks: A Case Study in Germany. Medijske studije, 3, 6: 42-56. [citirano: 2022–03–25]. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/96362
Hibert, M. (2018) Digitalni odrast i postdigitalna dobra: kritičko bibliotekarstvo, disruptivni mediji i taktičko obrazovanje. Zagreb: Multimedijalni institut.
Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.
Hobbs, R.; Moore D. C. (2013). Discovering media literacy: teaching digital media and popular culture in elementary schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Husanović, J.; Arsenijević, D.; Hibert, M. (2020). Društvena pismenost: kultura, ekologija, mediji. Sarajevo: Muzej književnosti i pozorišne umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine.
Jack, C. (2017). Lexicon of Lies: Terms for Problematic Information. New York: Data & Society Research Institute. [citirano: 2022–03-10]. Dostupno na: https://datasociety.net/output/lexicon-of-lies/
Kanižaj, I.; Car, V. (2015). Hrvatska: Nove prilike za sustavan pristup medijskoj pismenosti. U V. Car, L. Turčilo, i M. Matović (ur.). Medijska pismenost – preduvjet za odgovorne medije. (str. 23-41). Sarajevo: Fakultet političkih nauka.
Kellner, D.; Share, J. (2005). Toward Critical Media Literacy: Core concepts, debates, organizations, and policy. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 26, 3: 369-386. doi: 10.1080/01596300500200169
Koltay, T. (2011). The media and the literacies: Media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy. Media, Culture & Society 33, 2: 211-221.
Letinić, A. i suradnici. (2016). Čitajmo između redaka: priručnik za razvoj medijske pismenosti. Zagreb: Gong: Kurziv. [citirano: 2022–03–22]. Dostupno na: https://www.gong.hr/media/uploads/med_pismenost_pub.pdf
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Media Literacy in a Disruptive Media Environment. (2020). New York; London: Routledge.
Milardović, A.; Žeravica, L. (2015). Postdemokratsko stanje. Europske studije 1, 1: 159-182.
Ministarstvo znanosti i obrazovanja. Dani medijske pismenosti 2021. [citirano: 2022–03-10]. Dostupno na: https://mzo.gov.hr/vijesti/dani-medijske-pismenosti-2021/4286
Nagelhus Schia, N.; Gjesvik, L. (2020). Hacking democracy: managing influence campaigns and disinformation in the digital age. Journal of Cyber Policy 5, 3: 413-428. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2020.1820060
Noble, S. U. (2018) Algorithms of Opression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism. New York: New York University Press.
Novo vrijeme, novi mediji: Medijska pismenost mladih u 21. stoljeću: priručnik. (2016). [citirano: 2022–03–22]. Dostupno na: http://www.cesi.hr/attach/_m/medijska-pismenostprirucnik-2016.pdf
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Orlov, D. (2017). Shrinking the Technosphere: Getting a grip on technologies that limit our autonomy, self-sufficiency and freedom. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
Pasquale, F. (2015) The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press.
Pérez Tornero, J. M.; Celot P.; Varis T. (2007). Current trends and approaches to media literacy in Europe. Brussels: European Commission. [citirano: 2022–03–25]. Dostupno na: http://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/culture/library/studies/literacy-trends-report_en.pdf
Potter, W. J. (2010). The state of media literacy. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 55, 4: 675-696. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2011.521462
Schmidt, H. C. (2013). Media literacy education from kindergarten to college: A comparison of how media literacy is addressed across the educational system. Journal of Media Literacy Education 5,1: 295-309. [citirano: 2022–03–26]. Dostupno na: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/jmle/vol5/iss1/3/
Shaffer, K. (2019) Data versus Democracy: How Big Data Algorithms Shape Opinions and Alter the Course of History. New York: Appres.
Singer, P. W.; Brooking, E. T. (2018). LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. New york: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Silver, A. (2009). A European approach to media literacy: moving toward an inclusive knowledge society. U D. Frau-Meigs i J. Torrent (ur.). Mapping media education policies in the world: Visions, programmes and challenges. (str. 11-13). New York: UNAlliance of Civilizations.
Sivrić, I. (2020). Medijska pismenost: oružje u hibridnom ratu protiv lažnih vijesti i dezinformacija. South Eastern European Journal of Communication 2, 1: 113-124. [citirano: 2022–03–24]. Dostupno na: https://hrcak.srce.hr/240832
Srnicek, N. (2016). Platform Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Thoman, E.; Jolls, T. (2003). Literacy for the 21st century: An overview & orientation guide to media literacy education. CML Media Lit Kit. [citirano: 2022–03-10]. Dostupno na: http://www.medialit.org/sites/default/files/mlk/01_MLKorientation.pdf
Timcke, S. (2021) Algorithms and the End of Politics: How Technology Shapes 21st-Century American Life. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
Tomljenović, R. (2018). Važnost strateškog pristupa u razvoju i definiranju medijske pismenosti (Specijalistički diplomski stručni). [citirano: 2022–03-10]. Dostupno na: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:146:795185
UNESCO. (2011). MIL curriculum for teacher education. Paris: UNESCO.
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